英国王のスピーチ（その二）
マグナ・カルタはその名の通りラテン語で書かれており（マグナ・カルタが英訳されたのは17世紀に入ってから）、一般市民は眼中になく、ラテン語が読める王と貴族、特権階級の間の取り決めだった。また、マグナ・カルタ当事者のジョン王の次の王がマグナ・カルタを無視して新たな課税をおこない、マグナ・カルタの存在は王権が強大になった時代にはほとんど忘れさられてしまう。マグナ・カルタが現代民主主義政治の礎の一つと見做されるためには市民（ブルジョワジー）の政治参加を可能にする「装置」としての議会制を待たねばならなかった。17世紀の清教徒革命に際して、国王専制に対する個人の人権を護る「武器」としてマグナ・カルタが用いられ、さらには米国の独立戦争の理念となることで、マグナ・カルタの評価が定まったと言える。米国はマグナ・カルタの恩恵を蒙ったのみでなく、その理念を不動のものとする役割を果たしたわけで、チャールズ国王の言葉はそれを思い出させた。マグナ・カルタが締結されたテームズ川沿いのラニーミードという場所には、マグナ・カルタの記念碑のほかジョン・F・ケネディの記念碑がある。その土地の1エーカーが１９６５年にエリザベス２世によって米国に寄贈された（つまり、米国の「飛び地」である）。チャールズ国王はマグナ・カルタに言及して英国と米国は相互に影響しあう密接な関係であることを強調したのである。
しかし、チャールズ国王の意図はこれに留まらないはずだ。マグナ・カルタが王の恣意的な行動を制限した領域は、交易の自由、関税、国法・裁判によらない個人の自由・財産の侵害、必要な場合の議会の招集であった。一方、トランプは大統領令を頻発し、議会に諮ることなしに、ヴェネズエラ攻撃、イランとの戦争と立て続けに他国に武力を行使し、”Tariff is the most beautiful word.”と嘯きながら、いわゆる「相互関税」で世界を混乱に陥れた。また、就任直後には「出生地主義」を終わらせる大統領令を発して、米国内の移民が持つ権利を否定した。これらはすべて議会の承認なしで行われたものである。マグナ・カルタを語ることはトランプ政権への批判であり、王のように振舞うトランプの暴走を許す米国議会への警鐘でもあった。
Distinguished members of the 119th Congress, it is here in these very halls that this spirit of liberty and the promise of America’s Founders is present in every session and every vote cast.
Not by the will of one, but by the deliberation of many, representing the living mosaic of the United States. In both of our countries, it is the very fact of our vibrant, diverse and free societies that gives us our collective strength, including to support victims of some of the ills that, so tragically, exist in both our societies today.
「一人の人間の恣意ではなく、多様性を代表する多数の人々による審議」を強調し、一人の人間＝トランプであることは誰にでもわかる。Mosaicは、Oxford辞典では、 ”pattern or picture of many small pieces of coloured stone or glass”
であり、なかなか含蓄がある言葉を選んでいる。
And, Mr Speaker, for many here – and for myself – the Christian faith is a firm anchor and daily inspiration that guides us not only personally, but together as members of our community. Having devoted a large part of my life to interfaith relationships and greater understanding, it is that faith in the triumph of light over darkness which I have found confirmed countless times. Through it I am inspired by the profound respect that develops as people of different faiths grow in their understanding of each other. Itis why it is my hope – my prayer – that, in these turbulent times, working together andwith our international partners, we can stem the beating of ploughshares into swords.
“the beating of ploughshares into swords”は、旧約聖書の中の言葉で（ヨエル書）「あなたがたのすきを、つるぎに、あなたがたのかまを、やりに打ちかえよ」を引用したもので、もちろんチャールズ国王はそうしろと言っているわけではなく、国をまたがったパートナーと協働することでそれを防ぐことが可能だと言っているのである。つまり、”the beating of swords into ploughshares”です。
I am mindful that we are still in the season of Easter, the season that most strengthens my hope. It is why I believe, with all my heart, that the essence of our two Nations is a generosity of spirit and a duty to foster compassion, to promote peace, to deepen mutual understanding and to value all people, of all faiths, and of none. The Alliance that our two Nations have built over the centuries – and for which we are profoundly grateful to the American people – is truly unique. And that Alliance is part of what Henry Kissinger described as President Kennedy’s soaring vision of an Atlantic Partnership based on twin pillars: Europe and America. That Partnership, I believe, Mr Speaker, is more important today than it has ever been.
ヘンリー・キッシンジャーは、孤立主義か一国主義いずれかに傾斜するアメリカ外交の基本姿勢を改め ソ連・欧州・日本・中国・アメリカの五大勢力が相互に均衡を保つことによって世界の安定を図る必要があるとの新しい勢力均衡論を主張したので、欧州と米国の二つを基軸にしたものではない。実際はより多極的なのだ。キッシンジャーは強引な男だが、こういうところはきわめて現実的な人間であったと思う。トランプの横にキッシンジャーがいたら、トランプはキッシンジャーのアドバイスに案外素直に従っていたかもしれない。その前に喧嘩別れをしたかもしれない。
The first reigning British Sovereign to set foot in America was my Grandfather, King George VI. He visited in 1939 with my beloved Grandmother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The forces of Fascism in Europe were on the march, and some time before the United States had joined us in the defence of freedom. Our shared values
prevailed.
チャールズ国王の祖母、すなわちクイーンマザー（エリザベス王太后）は英国王室でダイアナ妃と並んで国民に最も人気があり、メディアで何かと取り上げられていた。私が知っているくらいだから、米国でも人気があったろう。チャールズ国王のスピーチはハードな話題の後にはソフトなエピソードを絡ませ、緩急を付けながら進んでいく。
Today, we find ourselves in a new era, but those values remain. It is an era that is, in many ways, more volatile and more dangerous than the world to which my late Mother spoke, in this Chamber, in 1991.
The challenges we face are too great for any one Nation to bear alone. But in this unpredictable environment, our Alliance cannot rest on past achievements, or assume that foundational principles simply endure. As my Prime Minister said last month:ours is an indispensable partnership. We must not disregard everything that has sustained us for the last eighty years. Instead, we must build on it.
Renewal today starts with security. The United Kingdom recognizes that the threats we face demand a transformation in British defence. That is why our country, in order to be fit for the future, has committed to the biggest sustained increase in defence
spending since the Cold War – during part of which, over fifty years ago, I served with immense pride in the Royal Navy, following in the naval footsteps of my Father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; my Grandfather, King George VI; my Great-Uncle,
Lord Mountbatten; and my Great-Grandfather, King George V.
この辺は、スターマー首相を代弁して国王が議会に対して国王自らが英国の軍事費について発言したところだ。軍事費について発言する際には海軍軍人として自身および曾祖父らのキャリアに言及して素人が言っているのではないと念を押している。実際、これから暫くして英国政府は2027年までに防衛費をGDPの2.5％に引き上げると発表した。
This year, of course, also marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of 9/11. This atrocity was a defining moment for America and your pain and shock were felt around the whole world. During my visit to New York, my wife and I will again pay our respects to the victims, the families, and the bravery shown in the face of terrible loss. We stood with you then. And we stand with you now in solemn remembrance of a day that shall never be forgotten.
In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, when NATO invoked Article 5 for the first time, and the United Nations Security Council was united in the face of terror, we answered the call together – as our people have done so for more than a century, shoulder to shoulder, through two World Wars, the Cold War, Afghanistan and moments that have defined our shared security.
９・１１のあの時にNATOは第5条を発動した。第5条は、同盟体制の発動事由の規定で、この条約で最も重要な条項。 ヨーロッパまたは北アメリカにある1つまたは複数の加盟国 に対する武力攻撃を、加盟国全てに対する武力攻撃とみなす規定である。
Today, Mr Speaker, that same, unyielding resolve is needed for the defence of Ukraine and her most courageous people – it is needed in order to secure a truly just and lasting peace. From the depths of the Atlantic to the disastrously melting ice-caps of the Arctic, the commitment and expertise of the United States Armed Forces and its allies lie at the heart of NATO, pledged to each other’s defence, protecting our citizens and interests, keeping North Americans and Europeans safe from our common adversaries.
Our defence, intelligence and security ties are hardwired together through relationships measured not in years, but in decades.
Today, thousands of U.S. service personnel, defence officials and their families are stationed in the United Kingdom, as British personnel serve with equal pride across thirty American States. We are building F-35s together. And we have agreed the most ambitious submarine programme in history – AUKUS – in partnership with Australia, a country of which I am also immensely proud to serve as Sovereign.
F-35を協力して製造しているではないかと（F-35はノースロップ・グラマンと英国のBAEシステムズが主要製造パートナー）まで言及できるのは英国王だからだろう。しかし、英国は日本、イタリアと組んで第6世代戦闘機を開発中だ（英国開発名称Global Combat Air Programme）。チャールズ国王もさすがにそれには言及していない。
We do not embark on these remarkable endeavours together out of sentiment. We do so because they build greater shared resilience for the future, so making our citizens safer for generations to come.
Our common ideals were not only crucial for liberty and equality, they are also the foundation of our shared prosperity. The rule of law: the certainty of stable and accessible rules, an independent judiciary resolving disputes and delivering impartial justice. These features created the conditions for centuries of unmatched economic growth in our two countries. This is why our governments are concluding new economic and technology agreements – to write the next chapter of our joint prosperity and ensure that British and American ingenuity continues to lead the world.
ここで、法の原則を強調する。Accessible rulesとは「理にかなった」とでも訳せばいいのだろうか。とにかく確かな法、それに、争いを収め、偏りのない裁きを下す独立した司法機関があって初めて英国と米国が共に未来に向かって技術的、経済的な繁栄を築き上げ世界を導くことができると言うのは、保守派が大勢を占め、トランプ寄りの司法判断を下しがちな米国最高裁を意識してだろう。
Our nations are combining talent and resources in the technologies of tomorrow: our new partnerships in nuclear fusion and quantum computing, and in artificial intelligence and drug discovery, holding the promise of saving countless lives. More broadly, we celebrate the 430 billion dollars in annual trade that continues to grow; the 1.7 trillion dollars in mutual investment that fuels that innovation; and the millions of jobs on both sides of the Atlantic supported across both economies. These are strong foundations on which to continue to build, for generations yet unborn.
Our ties in education, research, and cultural exchange empower citizens and future leaders of both countries. The Marshall Scholarship, named after the great General George Marshall, and the Association of which I am so proud to be Patron, are emblematic of the connection between our two nations. Since its founding, more than
2,300 scholarships have been awarded, opening doors for Americans from all walks of life to study at the United Kingdom’s leading universities.
So as we look toward the next 250 years, we must also reflect on our shared responsibility to safeguard nature, our most precious and irreplaceable asset. Millennia before our Nations existed, before any border drawn, the mountains of Scotland and Appalachia were one; a single, continuous range, forged in the ancient collision of continents.
現在、英国と米国間で進められている様々な取り組みに触れながら、今後の250年に向かっても努力を協力を続けていこうと呼びかけて演説は終わりに近づいていく。
The natural wonders of the United States of America are indeed a unique asset, and generations of Americans have risen to this calling: indigenous, political and civic leaders, people in rural communities and cities alike, have all helped to protect and nurture what President Theodore Roosevelt called the glorious heritage of this land’s extraordinary natural splendour, on which so much of its prosperity has always depended.
Yet even as we celebrate the beauty that surrounds us, our generation must decide how to address the collapse of critical natural systems, which threatens far more than the harmony and essential diversity of nature. We ignore at our peril the fact that these natural systems – in other words, nature’s own economy – provide the foundation for our prosperity and our national security.
米国の自然景観の素晴らしさに言及し、さらには崩壊しつつある自然環境の危機について触れ、ここでも協力が必要だと述べるのは1970年代から環境保護に熱心だったチャールズ国王ならではの発言だろう。
The story of the United Kingdom and the United States is, at its heart, a story of reconciliation, renewal and remarkable partnership.
From the bitter divisions of 250 years ago, we forged a friendship that has grown into one of the most consequential alliances in human history.
I pray with all my heart that our Alliance will continue to defend our shared values, with our partners in Europe and the Commonwealth, and across the world, and that we ignore the clarion calls to become ever more inward-looking.
Mr Speaker, Mr Vice President, distinguished ladies and gentlemen, America’s words carry weight and meaning, as they have since Independence. The actions of this great Nation matter even more. President Lincoln understood this so well, with his reflection in the Gettysburg Address that the world may little note what we say, but will never forget what we do.
自ら大国と言うからには、その言動に責任を持つべきである。しかし、ワシントン、ハミルトン、ジェファーソン、マディソン、アダムズなどの高い教養と見識を有した建国の父たちが歴史の舞台から退場した後の米国の政治は急速に劣化し、その内外における行動は褒められたものではない。自国の利益最優先で力任せに好き勝手やってきたのが事実で、むしろ、トランプは米国の政治の伝統に忠実だと言えるかもしれない。そういえば、大学時代にThe Gettysburg Addressを覚えたことがある。スピーチのためだ。実に短いもので（当初はリンカーンの演説の予定はなかったらしいが）、なんと言っても、締めの、 ”and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.“は、この演説のすべてを知らない人でも耳にしたことがあるに違いない。
And so, to the United States of America, on your 250th birthday, let our two countries rededicate ourselves to each other in the selfless service of our peoples and of all the peoples of the world.
God bless the United States and God bless the United Kingdom.
英国と米国がお互いの国民のみでなく、世界の人々のためにもう一度献身的努力をする、rededicateという言葉で強調して締めくくる。しかし、中国と米国の民しか眼中になかった習近平の演説との違いは甚だしく、習近平の口から、“in the selfless serviceof our peoples and of all the peoples of the world.”という言葉が発せられることはおそらく
ないだろう。
